31C3: Reconstructing narratives

“Surveillance, cryptography, terrorism, malware, economic espionage, assassination, interventions, intelligence services, political prisoners, policing, transparency, justice and you.
Structural processes and roles are designed to create specific outcomes for groups. Externally facing narratives are often only one of many and they seek to create specific outcomes by shaping discourse. We will cover a wide range of popular narratives surrounding the so-called Surveillance State. We intend to discuss specific historical contexts as well as revealing new information as part of a longer term research project.” (CCC 2014)

“Freedom in your computer and in the net

For freedom in your own computer, the software must be free.
For freedom on the internet, we must organize against
surveillance, censorship, SaaSS and the war against sharing.

To control your computing, you need to control the software that does it. That means it must be _free software_, free as in freedom. Nonfree software is inherently unjust, and nowadays is often malware too. We developed the GNU system as a way to avoid nonfree software on our computers.

That assumes you’re running your own copy of the programs. That means shunning Service as a Software Substitute, where someone else’s copy in someone else’s server does your computing.

Beyond that, we face the danger of censorship, and surveillance both on and off the internet. Lurking behind them is the menace of the War on Sharing, the publishers’ decades-long campaign to control what we do in our computers. Increasingly, computer hardware itself is becoming malicious.” (CCC 2014)

Plus the Offline Network session took place. There will be a follow up session during Transmediale 15, so stay tuned:

The future is offline! An assembly all about offline networks.

Everyone interested in the growing offline networks community is welcome!

Basic concepts:

  1. Community developed and running networks which enable citizens to gain benefits from networked infrastructures, while maintaining control of their data and how it is used.
  2. Community networks do not need to be connected to the wider internet (hence “off-nets”), however they may have connection hubs with the internet. Off-nets may be complementary to the internet, as well as an alternative.
  3. off-nets and the internet are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and can work together to offer more robust benefits to its participants.
  4. (A poetic approach): in particle physics, the “observer effect” is when an electron, whilst under observation, alters its course due to the fact that it is being observed. in contemporary society, people might alter their habits due to the idea that they coud be observed. What if there were islands within the monitored, fungible, and quantified world that permitted human to interact with each other unobserved, albeit digitally? What sort of unexpected reactions would that cause?
  5. One of the central characteristics of offline networks is that they are offline. We can‘t possibly anticipate all the reasons why people or groups would need to operate offline. Therefore it would be important to design applications that can be appropriated, adapted and used as “infrastructure”.
  6. Keywords: #diversity #serendipity #intimacy #temporality #place

Offline Networks Manifesto

The future is offline.

(Mark Gaved: ) 1. Community developed and run networks enable citizens to gain the benefits from networked infrastructures  while maintaining control of their data and how it is used.
(Mark Gaved: ) 2. Community networks do not need to be connected to the wider internet (hence “off-nets”), however they may have connection points with the internet
(Mark Gaved: ) 3. Off-nets may be complementary as well as an alternative to the internet: these are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and may work together to offer greater benefits to participants

Bezdomny (A poetic appraoch): in particle physics, the “observer effect” is when an electron, whilst under observation, alters its course due to the fact that it is being observed. Elsewhere, people might alter their courses in life due to the idea that they are being observed. What if there were islands within the monitored, fungible, and quantified world that permitted human to interact with each other unobserved, albeit digitally?  What sort of unexpected reactions would that cause?

Addie (underlying infastrutucre/why)  The feedback system built into traditional networks necessitates the sharing of information. A problem arises, however, when the distribution of metadata conflicts with the notion of transparency —a core ideological component of the value of cultural neutrality. Since the principles of global capitalism and government can now determine value based on data, we are left with a fundamental friction in the distribution and creation of culture through networks. Off-nets will focus on the contradiction of creation and control by exploring new forms of networks and access.

Panayotis (brainstorming): Offline networks keywords: diversity, serendipity, intimacy, temporality

(Andreas Unteidig): One of the central characteristics of offline.networks are that they offline. We can‘t possibly anticipate all the reasons why people or groups would need to operate offline, hence it would be important to design applications that can be appropriated, easily altered and used as “infrastructure” for many different scenarios of use.
(Matthias) Maybe we can create a “best practice to your offline app” list. This can contain  pitfalls like try to request a fontset from google 🙂

(Matthias) We should maybe add some development rules, which says “don’t be evil” and should promote certain mind sets about problematic functionalities. On bad example is: Create a Facebook login page to fish username & passwords   ==> I can do this with PirateBox in 10 Minutes (that it looks confident)….
IMHO: We have to point out that having an offline.network is a responsibility for all the other projects. If the reputation of offline.network is damaged because of such an action, we can all stop trying to recover it…
Another point is, that this manifesto should be in a form, that you can make it easily available on the offline device like “learn more about offline networks”, and it should include a link list for further informations.
Maybe we need a “ruleset” or “guidlines” , that each devices behaves the like the same.. like a Hotel captive portal on the first access (which may not fit on each concept, I think).. this can be a good to have rule.
(Panayotis): One challenge is that you can never control what others are doing. Creating rules could make things worse (because people could develop some level of trust and thus make it easier to cheat). In my opinion it is better to uncover the whole informality and lack of control in order to make everyone responsible and cautious. One way to do this is to rely on face-to-face interactions which could be encouraged somehow …
Agreed.

Off.networks @Transmediale

Here is the almost final description of the off.networks event at Transmediale:

Title: off.networks discussion

Date & Time: Saturday, 31st January 2015, 3 – 6pm

Venue:  Central Foyer Stage, House of Worlds Cultures in Berlin

The  ‘off.networks’ mailing list started as an attempt to bring together researchers, activists and artists that work on the idea of an offline network, operating outside the Internet. Such networks could range from
artistic projects (eg. deadrops or wifitagger) and  “personal networks” (eg PirateBox.cc or subnod.es), to community networks (eg commotionwireless.net, nethood)  and large city-scale mesh networks (eg. guifi.net, freifunk.net,  awmn.net.). The first assembly of off.networks took place at the CCC last month. In their second scheduled meeting during Transmediale Festival, the members of this network wish to make their first effort to build a diverse and dynamic community around the design, implementation and deployment of offline networks in different contexts. They wish to reflect critically on the role of such local networks in shaping the evolving hybrid urban space and  in addressing the threats which are posed by internet corporations and  surveillance states on citizens’ privacy and freedom of speech.

In other words: How  can the under construction “offline networks” allow us to join  forces  in reaching our common visions without sacrificing pluralism and  independence? The answer might not be so simple as offline  networks are subject to hybrid design and therefore require the  collaboration between people with different expertise; they are  context-specific and thus need to be easily installed and customized by non-savvy  users; they have to compete with more and more commercial initiatives  that now pop up claiming a similar logic; like all networks they are  vulnerable and often subject to ambiguities and contradictions.

The discussion will open by existing members of the off.networks community: Aram Barholl (deaddrops),
Jeff Andreoni (unmonastery), David Darts and Matthias Strubel (piratebox), Andreas Unteidig (hybrid letterbox),  Sarah Grant (subnod.es), Minuette Le (Rough Scholar Research Group), Panayotis Antoniadis and Ileana Apostol (nethood.org).
Practitioners working on this field from the foyer program of Transmediale will also be invited to join.
An inclusive and open-ended mode of discussion will be followed. After the initial statements,
the stage will be given to participants from the audience who will have 2-3 minutes each to present
their thoughts and ideas forming a big round table.

off.networks@librelist.com.

references to prior art/offline networks:
occupy everywhere
drop deads
wifitagger
pirate box
hybrid letter box
etc etc etc

Related work 🙂

http://issuu.com/urbanixd/docs/urbanixd_manifesto/12?e=7204297/10623455
http://criticalengineering.org/
http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/dada/Dada-Manifesto.html
https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/futurium/en/content/onlife-manifesto-being-human-hyperconnected-era

And an anti-manifesto manifesto:
http://cloudhead.headmine.net/post/2075216682/the-anti-manifesto-manifesto

Documenting Random Darknet Shopper: «Here, but Invisible»

Today we documented Aram Bartholl’s workshop «Here, but Invisible» and the «The Darknet – From Memes to Onionland. An Exploration» exhibition, featuring !Mediengruppe Bitnik’s Random Darknet Shopper.
«The Darknet – From Memes to Onionland. An Exploration»

There is a parallel world beneath the surface of the Internet: the Darknet is an encrypted, invisible network that cannot be accessed by conventional browsers or search engines but is nevertheless used by millions. This digital territory is the impulse for cooperation between the artist collective !Mediengruppe Bitnik (Carmen Weisskopf and Domagoj Smoljo), the project :digital brainstorming from Migros-Kulturprozent and Kunst Halle Sankt Gallen. Forms of organisation, structures and communications systems which penetrate everyday life but which are largely unknown to the public will be examined with the help of other artists, theoreticians and hackers. The exhibition «The Darknet – From Memes to Onionland. An Exploration» will open Kunst Halle Sankt Gallen for interdisciplinary expeditions and encompass themes such as copyright, privacy, illegality and resistance.
Public awareness of the Darknet, also called Deep Web or Onionland, has increased as a result of recent events. It has a bad reputation: drugs, weapons, pornography, stolen data and forged documents can be bought there. However, Edward Snowden’s revelations seem to have shifted this one-sided perception. The Darknet is an apparently power-free space with potential that is still little-known and even less used. The participants want to take this factor seriously as critical individuals and articulate its non-transparent mechanisms and systems. Some artistic contributions directly access data and visual worlds from the Deep Web. For example, !Mediengruppe Bitnik transports goods and games from this Internet subculture into the art space while Eva and Franco Mattes present reactions to a video from Onionland. Cory Arcangel’s work remains concealed from exhibition visitors. He is concerned with the
visibility of the Kunst Halle on the World Wide Web. Other artists deal with Internet phenomena that also exist on the Surface Web and which are located in the tension-filled area between anonymity and commerce: Robert Sakrowski is curating YouTube films on the history of Anonymous, Valentina Tanni is making available her archive of memes and Simon Denny will provoke questions about business models, income and property in times of global data interchange. In contrast, Heath Bunting examines
data storage in relation to identities. These are constructed by means of shopping cards, credit cards or mobile phones. The artist thus also broaches the subject of class systems. Conversely, an identity can also be deleted – as Seth Price demonstrates with How to disappear in America.
With this show the Kunst Halle Sankt Gallen links the visible and the invisible which are interlocked – From Memes to Onionland. Aware of the uncertainties in this regard an approach from multiple perspectives is intended. It is an attempt to grasp this extremely controversial phenomenon of our times with artistic contributions, archive material, workshops and discussions. The format of the exhibition gives visitors access to the digital underground and questions familiar notions – Kunst Halle Sankt
Gallen can now also be found in Onionland at http://vtw7g7wcdsgxq4ru.onion/

In cooperation with !Mediengruppe Bitnik and :digital brainstorming
With contributions from: Anonymous, Cory Arcangel,!Mediengruppe Bitnik, Aram Bartholl, Heath Bunting, Simon Denny, Eva and Franco Mattes, Seth Price, Robert Sakrowski, Hito Steyerl, Valentina Tanni

The Random Darknet Shopper

The Random Darknet Shopper is an automated online shopping bot which we provide with a budget of $100 in Bitcoins per week. It goes on a weekly shopping spree in the deep web where it randomly choses and purchases one item and has it mailed to us. The items are exhibited in «The Darknet» at Kunsthalle St. Gallen, each new object adding to a landscape of traded goods from the Darknet.
The Random Darknet Shopper is a live Mail Art piece, an exploration of the deep web via the goods traded there. It directly connects the Darknet with the art space. The items bought in the Darknet by the Random Shopper are commonly contraband and range from drugs to counterfeits, ebooks, software, electronics and services including security and hacking services.

All these items share as a common characteristic the most interesting aspects of hidden online markets: They exemplify how the internet in general and the darknets most notably are helping to increasingly blur the lines of national legal dictates: What is legally produced and sold in one country is not necessarily legal in another [1]. Being global, these markets connect diverse jurisdictions, questioning the notions of legality and producing a vast greyzone of goods available virtually everywhere.

Furthermore, the goods traded in the darkweb show the manner in which trust is successfully established in anonymous networks. Although the hidden market is based on the anonymity of its participants, rating systems and anonymous message boards ensure a certain level of trust. The ability to rate your dealer is radically changing the way people are buying drugs and other controlled items. Buying contaband online means having access to a reliable rating system, while at the same time staying anonymous, all from the comforts of your home.

By randomizing our consumerism, we are guaranteed a wide selection of goods from the over 16’000 articles listed on Agora market place. We want to see what goods come out of the deepweb, where they are sent from, how (and whether) they arrive. We want to find out how the goods are packaged to be concealed from the postal services.

Agora
The random darknet shopper shops at Agora, a marketplace in a part of the Darknet called Onionland. The Darknet and Onionland are hidden niches of the Internet which are not discoverable by search engines and which are accessible only for visitors who cloak themselves by using the anonymous Tor Browser. In the Darknet, people meet, chat, trade. Activists and dissidents use the cloaking mechanisms of the Tor Browser to cover their tracks.

Agora launched in 2013 and has become the largest and most popular online hidden marketplace since the take-down of Silkroad in October 2013. Its customers are able to buy or sell virtually anything, including illicit goods like drugs, contraband or weapons.

The Agora Market uses the anonymous cryptocurrency bitcoin to pay for transactions. To protect customer privacy, Agora uses anonymous courier services and camouflage for shipping regulated and prohibited items. Site transactions, despite anonymity, are surprisingly reliable. Like in similar surfaceweb market places, all transactions can be rated, allowing customers an assessment of the seller and his or her goods.

There are already more than 16,100 listings on Agora, according to a new report from Digital Citizens Alliance, a U.S. crime research group [2]. That popularity is enough to make Agora more popular than Silk Road 2.0, the black market that sprouted when the FBI closed down the original incarnation in October 2013.

The Random Darknet Shopper is a temporary exploration of the Darknet through the greyzones of hidden online markets. We regard it as crucial that art must inevitabily expand to include new formats and subject matters if it is to stay relevant. That is why we consider the Darknet to be a valid subject matter for art because not only the Internet but also the Darknets are changing the fundamentals in which societies work. How does building trust relationships work in a global market that is based on the anonymity of its participants? How do we maintain notions of legality and illegality when these markets
connect diverse jurisdictions with differing concepts of what is lawful. How do we as societies deal with anonymity online while offline identifiability, trackability and surveillability become the norm?

Viewed under Swiss art laws

The Swiss art law expert, Bruno Glaus, also considers the work to be legitimate and legal under criminal law. In his book “Kunst- und Kulturrecht” (Art and Culture Law) to be published in 2015, he outlines the preconditions that justify a violation of law in an art work.
In the Swiss constitution freedom of art is explicitly referenced. This requires judges to carefully balance interests between the interests of free art production and an exceptional breach of law [3]. According to Bruno Glaus, the preconditions that justify a violation of law in an art work are a plausible interest of scientific, artistic or informational nature. Also the infringement should be comprehensible and described in a written statement or concept. The breach of law should be temporary and the means used should be
appropriate [4]. Additionally, in accordance with Swiss law, the prosecuting authorities can refrain from prosecuting due to minor fault [5].

[1] See for example how eBay und Paypal, two US-american companies, restrict certain items on European eBay/Paypal sites because of trade restrictions in US law. They do this for example for Cuban goods where by doing this, they override European laws. See German Wikipedia: “Beim Handel mit Waren aus Kuba gilt nach US­Recht, dass eBay Deutschland – ebenso wie z.B. eBay Österreich und eBay Schweiz – als Tochterunternehmen eines US amerikanischen Konzerns „denselben Handelsbeschränkungen unterliegt wie die Muttergesellschaft“. Folgerung von eBay: „Daher dürfen  grundsätzlich nur solche kubanischen Artikel bei eBay angeboten werden, die ‚informativ‘ oder ‚lizenziert‘ sind oder die vor dem Inkrafttreten des US­Handelsembargos gegen Kuba am 8. Juli 1963 auf den Markt gekommen sind.“ Daher ist es zum Beispiel nicht möglich, kubanische Zigarren auf eBay anzubieten.
Nach Expertenansicht verstösst diese Handhabung, die auch für die eBay-Tochter Paypal angewendet wird, jedoch gegen die Verordnung (EG) Nr. 2271/96, die sogenannte EU Blocking Regulation. Diese verbietet es europäischen Unternehmen, also auch europäischen Tochterunternehmen außereuropäischer Muttergesellschaften ausdrücklich, die US-Sanktionsbestimmungen gegen Kuba und verschiedene andere Länder zu befolgen. “ Wikipedia (in German): http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay#Handelsbeschr.C3.A4nkungen_nach_US-Recht
Also (in German): http://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/wirtschaft/article13516280/Die-Bank-gewinnt.html
[2] Report by Digital Citizens Alliance, published 22.08.2014: http://www.digitalcitizensalliance.org/cac/alliance/content.aspx?page=Darknet
[3] “Die ausdrückliche Erwähnung der Kunstfreiheit in der Verfassung führt dazu, dass Richter im Einzelfall vermehrt eine Güterabwägung vornehmen und entscheiden müssen, ob das Interesse an künstlerischer freier Produktion ausnahmsweise die Rechtsverletzung zu rechtfertigen vermag .” From the manuscript of “Kunst- und Kulturrecht”, Bruno Glaus et. al., 2015

[4] “Grundvoraussetzung für die Rechtfertigung einer Rechtsverletzung im künstlerischen Kontext ist ein nachvollziehbares Informations, Kunst- oder Wissenschaftsinteresse. Der Eingriff sollte so weit als möglich erkennbar sein oder jedenfalls im Konzept nachvollziehbar erläutert und als begrenzter „Laborversuch“ deklariert werden. Zweck kann ja beispielsweise eine Untersuchung der durch ein Projekt ausgelösten Proteste sein (vergleichbar den Blind- und Doppelblindversuchen bei Medikamenten). Meist wird ein – gewöhnlicherweise widerrechtlicher – Eingriff, nur für eine beschränkte Zeit durch ein überwiegendes Kunstinteresse gerechtfertigt werden können (z.B. Aktionskunst, Einsperren eines Tieres, Belästigung von Personen auf der Strasse durch Theatermacher, Ausstellen von illegalen Gegenständen usw.). Die zum Zweck eingesetzten Mittel müssen notwendig, verhältnismässig und zumutbar sein (dies in Analogie zu den Datenschutzgrundsätzen).” From the manuscript of “Kunst-und Kulturrecht”, Bruno Glaus et. al., 2015 [5] “Unter strafrechtlichen Aspekten ist folgendes zu berücksichtigen: Die Strafbehörden haben gestützt auf Art.52 StGB die Möglichkeit (und die Pflicht) von einer Strafverfolgung oder einer Bestrafung abzusehen, „wenn Schuld und Tatfolgen“ gering sind (beschränktes Opportunitätsprinzip). Insbesondere bei der Schuldfrage muss das Interesse an freier künstlerischer Entfaltung berücksichtigt werden.” From the manuscript of “Kunst- und Kulturrecht”, Bruno Glaus et. al., 2015